Roman Shipbuilding And Navigation

Roman shipbuilding and navigation là bài đọc xuất hiện trong Đề Cam 16, Test 3, Reading Passage 1, tại bài viết dưới đây, hãy cùng Edmicro xem qua đáp án cũng như giải thích đáp án cho từng câu:

Đề bài

Roman shipbuilding and navigation

Shipbuilding today is based on science and ships are built using computers and sophisticated tools. Shipbuilding in ancient Rome, however, was more of an art relying on estimation, inherited techniques and personal experience. The Romans were not traditionally sailors but mostly land- based people, who learned to build ships from the people that they conquered, namely the Greeks and the Egyptians.

There are a few surviving written documents that give descriptions and representations of ancient Roman ships, including the sails and rigging. Excavated vessels also provide some clues about ancient shipbuilding techniques. Studies of these have taught us that ancient Roman shipbuilders built the outer hull first, then proceeded with the frame and the rest of the ship. Planks used to build the outer hull were initially sewn together. Starting from the 6th century BCE, they were fixed using a method called mortise and tenon, whereby one plank locked into another without the need for stitching. Then in the first centuries of the current era, Mediterranean shipbuilders shifted to another shipbuilding method, still in use today, which consisted of building the frame first and then proceeding with the hull and the other components of the ship. This method was more systematic and dramatically shortened ship construction times. The ancient Romans built large merchant ships and warships whose size and technology were unequalled until the 16th century CE.

Warships were built to be lightweight and very speedy. They had to be able to sail near the coast, which is why they had no ballast or excess load and were built with a long, narrow hull. They did not sink when damaged and often would lie crippled on the sea’s surface following naval battles. They had a bronze battering ram, which was used to pierce the timber hulls or break the oars of enemy vessels. Warships used both wind (sails) and human power (oarsmen) and were therefore very fast. Eventually, Rome’s navy became the largest and most powerful in the Mediterranean, and the Romans had control over what they therefore called Mare Nostrum meaning ‘our sea’.

There were many kinds of warship. The ‘trireme’ was the dominant warship from the 7th to 4th century BCE. It had rowers in the top, middle and lower levels, and approximately 50 rowers in each bank. The rowers at the bottom had the most uncomfortable position as they were under the other rowers and were exposed to the water entering through the oar-holes. It is worth noting that contrary to popular perception, rowers were not slaves but mostly Roman citizens enrolled in the military. The trireme was superseded by larger ships with even more rowers.

Merchant ships were built to transport lots of cargo over long distances and at a reasonable cost. They had a wider hull, double planking and a solid interior for added stability. Unlike warships, their V-shaped hull was deep underwater, meaning that they could not sail too close to the coast. They usually had two huge side rudders located off the stern and controlled by a small tiller bar connected to a system of cables. They had from one to three masts with large square sails and a small triangular sail at the bow. Just like warships, merchant ships used oarsmen, but coordinating the hundreds of rowers in both types of ship was not an easy task. In order to assist them, music would be played on an instrument, and oars would then keep time with this.

The cargo on merchant ships included raw materials (e.g. iron bars, copper, marble and granite), and agricultural products (e.g. grain from Egypt’s Nile valley). During the Empire, Rome was a huge city by ancient standards of about one million inhabitants. Goods from all over the world would come to the city through the port of Pozzuoli situated west of the bay of Naples in Italy and through the gigantic port of Ostia situated at the mouth of the Tiber River. Large merchant ships would approach the destination port and, just like today, be intercepted by a number of towboats that would drag them to the quay.

The time of travel along the many sailing routes could vary widely. Navigation in ancient Rome did not rely on sophisticated instruments such as compasses but on experience, local knowledge and observation of natural phenomena. In conditions of good visibility, seamen in the Mediterranean often had the mainland or islands in sight, which greatly facilitated navigation. They sailed by noting their position relative to a succession of recognisable landmarks. When weather conditions were not good or where land was no longer visible, Roman mariners estimated directions from the pole star or, with less accuracy, from the Sun at noon. They also estimated directions relative to the wind and swell. Overall, shipping in ancient Roman times resembled shipping today with large vessels regularly crossing the seas and bringing supplies from their Empire.

Questions 1-5

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE	if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE	if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN	if there is no information on this

1. The Romans’ shipbuilding skills were passed on to the Greeks and the Egyptians.
2. Skilled craftsmen were needed for the mortise and tenon method of fixing planks.
3. The later practice used by Mediterranean shipbuilders involved building the hull before the frame.
4. The Romans called the Mediterranean Sea Mare Nostrum because they dominated its use.
5. Most rowers on ships were people from the Roman army.

Questions 6-13

Complete the summary below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 6-13 on your answer sheet.

Warships and merchant ships

Warships were designed so that they were 6.………and moved quickly. They often remained afloat after battles and were able to sail close to land as they lacked any additional weight. A battering ram made of 7………….. was included in the design for attacking and damaging the timber and oars of enemy ships. Warships, such as the ‘trireme’, had rowers on three different 8…………
Unlike warships, merchant ships had a broad 9…………that lay far below the surface of the sea. Merchant ships were steered through the water with the help of large rudders and a tiller bar. They had both square and 10…………. sails. On merchant ships and warships, 11………..was used to ensure rowers moved their oars in and out of the water at the same time.
Quantities of agricultural goods such as 12……….were transported by merchant ships to two main ports in Italy. The ships were pulled to the shore by 13……..… When the weather was clear and they could see islands or land, sailors used landmarks that they knew to help them navigate their route.

Đáp án đề Roman shipbuilding and navigation

Roman shipbuilding and navigation là bài đọc xuất hiện trong Đề Cam 16, Test 3, Reading passage 1, tại bài viết dưới đây, hãy cùng Edmicro xem qua đáp án cũng như giải thích đáp án cho từng câu:

Câu hỏi	Đáp án
1	FALSE
2	NOT GIVEN
3	FALSE
4	TRUE
5	TRUE
6	lightweight
7	bronze
8	levels
9	hull
10	triangular
11	music
12	grain
13	towboats

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Giải thích đáp án chi tiết đề Roman shipbuilding and navigation

Cùng xem lời giải chi tiết cho đề bài Roman shipbuilding and navigation dưới đây nhé!

Question 1- 5

Question 1

Đáp án: False

Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given

Vị trí câu trả lời: Đoạn 1, dòng 4-6

Giải thích: “ Người La Mã theo truyền thống không phải là thủy thủ mà chủ yếu là người dân trên đất liền, họ học cách đóng tàu từ những người mà họ chinh phục, cụ thể là người Hy Lạp và người Ai Cập.” Điều này cho thấy rằng người La Mã không truyền lại kỹ năng đóng tàu cho người Hy Lạp và Ai Cập, mà họ học hỏi từ họ.

Question 2

Đáp án: Not Given

Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given

Giải thích: Không có tài liệu tham khảo nào nói về nhu cầu cần thợ thủ công lành nghề để sử dụng phương pháp mộng và chốt để cố định ván sàn.

Question 3

Đáp án: False

Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given

Vị trí câu trả lời: Đoạn 2, dòng 9-12

Giải thích:“ Sau đó, vào những thế kỷ đầu tiên của kỷ nguyên hiện tại, những người đóng tàu Địa Trung Hải đã chuyển sang một phương pháp đóng tàu khác, vẫn được sử dụng cho đến ngày nay, bao gồm việc đóng khung trước rồi mới tiến hành đóng thân tàu và các thành phần khác của tàu”. Điều này cho thấy rằng khung tàu được đóng trước rồi mới đến thân tàu. Do đó, đây là một nhận định sai.

Question 4

Đáp án: True

Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given

Vị trí câu trả lời: Đoạn 3, dòng 7-9

Giải thích: “ Cuối cùng, hải quân của Rome đã trở thành lực lượng lớn nhất và hùng mạnh nhất ở Địa Trung Hải, và người La Mã đã kiểm soát được những gì họ gọi là Mare Nostrum có nghĩa là ‘biển của chúng ta’.” Câu này cho thấy hải quân của La Mã đã trở thành lực lượng hùng mạnh nhất. Do đó, họ đã kiểm soát (dominated) Địa Trung Hải và gọi nó là Mare Nostrum.

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Question 5

Đáp án: True

Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given

Vị trí câu trả lời: Đoạn 4, dòng 5-7

Giải thích: “ Điều đáng chú ý là trái ngược với nhận thức phổ biến, những người chèo thuyền không phải là nô lệ mà chủ yếu là công dân La Mã tham gia quân đội.” Điều này cho thấy hầu hết những người chèo thuyền được thuê trên tàu là người La Mã, những người thuộc quân đội La Mã (thuộc quân đội La Mã).